Footnotes

Footnotes
[clicking on number returns to thesis]

1Plato, The Collected Dialogues of Plato: Including the Letters, ed. Edit Hamilton, H. Cairns, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, Bollington Series LXXI, 1978) Parmenides, 924-931; Aristotle, Book Zeta., 1038b1- 1039b20.

2An enthymeme is an argument or truncated syllogism in which one or more propositions, usually a premise, is not stated but understood.

3Jorge L. Borges, Labyrinths: Selected Stories and Other Writing, ed. A Yates and J.E.Irby, tr. J.E. Irby.(New York: New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1964) 28.

4Raja Ram Dravid, The Problem of Universals in Indian Philosophy, (New Dehli: Motilal Banarsidas, 1972) This is the most complete overview of Indian, Buddhist and Western treatments of the problem of universals I have ever encountered and deserves further study and recognition.

5Aldous Huxley, The Perennial Philosophy, (Grand Rapids: Harper & Row, Pub., Inc., 1990) vii. "...the phrase first coined by Liebnitz; but the thing - indicating that metaphysic that recognizes a divine Reality substantial to the world of things and lives and minds...is immemorial and universal.?"

6The Consolation Of Philosophy is still considered a classic, showing his tenacity and mettle. The "deadline" for his work was not final but terminal. It was written while awaiting execution by order of the mad king Theodoric, who once was his friend.

7Aristotle, Metaphysics; Book Lambda, 1071a19, 1078b30-32; as cited in Moody's A Short History of Medieval Philosophy, (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1974) 72-73. Unless otherwise noted, original source entries are reproduced from the above work. I relied heavily on his text - it gives me an excellent overview of the problem of universals and offers an excellent beginning point for musings about universals.

8Plato, 920-956. A rarity occurs throughout the whole work Socrates is seemingly confounded by the elder Master Parmenides.

9Aristotle, Book Zeta, 1038b1-1039b20.

10 See footnote 7.

11 Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 1, 73, ?Alexander of Aphrodisias?, A.C. Lloyd. The paraphrasing of Lloyd?s essay is mine.

12 Dodds, Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety, 93. Dodds notes original citation and sources.

13 Dodds, Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety , 94.

14 Inge, vol. II, 132, (Enneads, 3.8.9).

15 Dodds, Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety, 86-87.

16 Inge, The Philosophy of Plotinus, (New York: Greenwood Press, Pub., 1968) 77.

17 Plotinus, 408,(V.5.6).

18 E.A. Moody, The Logic of William of Ockam, (New York: Russell & Russell, Inc., New York, 1965) 66-117. Moody contends that Porphyry misunderstood Aristotle's intention "...to find a basis for demonstration and for science which would be distinct from, and prior to, the synthetic operations of discursive thinking." p.67. Even so, the problem of universals, as a bona fida question, calls for a philosophical response and/or answer. I take up this challenge.

19 Henry Chadwick, Boethius: The Consolations of Music, Logic, Theology and Philosophy, (Oxford: Claredon Press, 1981) 121-123. Please see Appendix to

20 Moody, 15-16.

21 Moody, 67. Moody contends that Porphyry misunderstood Aristotle?s intention "...to find a basis for demonstration and for science which would be distinct from, and prior to, the synthetic operations of discursive thinking." p.67. Even so, the problem of universals, as a bona fida question, calls for a philosophical response and/or answer. I take up its challenge.

22 Chadwick, 123.

23 Moody, 15.

24 Weinberg, 58.

25 See Appendix C: "Boethius's Attempt to Solve the Problem of Universals". Somewhere over the years I outlined Boethius's line of argumentation, believing it to be a crucial point in the treatment of universals. Note Boethius's use of number and correspondence to disclude universals from having a spatiotemporal existence.

26 Weinberg, 72-73

27 Weinberg, 79.

28 Dodds, Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety, 100.

29 Dodds intro. to Proclus, The Elements Of Theology, trans. E.R.Dodds, xx.

30 Dodds intro. to Proclus's The Elements of Theology, xxii.

31 Dodds, intro. to Proclus's The Elements of Theology, (see Iamblicus's de mysteriis II.11) xx.

32 Dodds, intro. to Proclus, x.

33 Proclus, The Elements of Theology, 39 (Prop. 35).

34 Dodds's intro. to Proclus, xxvii.

35 Weinberg, 58.

36 Weinberg, 10.

37 Chadwick, 146-147. There is evidence that suggests that Boethius inherits this diagram from Aristotle through Ammonius and Porphyry.

38 Inge, 99-100, 243.

39 Dodds, Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety, 13.

40 Dodds, The Elements of Theology, intro. xxvii.

41 Inge, 112.

42 Bett, Henry, Johannes Scotus Erigena, (New York: Russel & Russel, Inc.,1964) first pub., Cambridge Univ.Press, 1925; 47,51.

43 Bett, 47.

44 Weinberg, 74.

45 Weinberg, p.88.

46 Schoedinger, The Problem Of Universals, (N. Jersey: Humanities Press International, Inc.: 1992) chap. 28, 346.

47 Weinberg, 239

48 Ibid. 253-254.

49 Ibid., 242.

50 Hegel, Logic, trans. William Wallace, (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1985) 125-136, Z86-Z91.

51 Speech given at the APA meeting held Dec. 30, 1988 in Washington D.C.. at the Sheraton Inn and attended by the author.

52 Encyclopedia Catholica, "Magic," vol. 13, 65-67. It is interesting to see this world-view or belief system subsume science under the category of a specified 'magic' and control over nature.

53 As "that individual" Kierkegaard once wrote.

54 Stace, W.T.., The Theory of Knowledge (Oxford, 1932) His argument in this book rests upon the claim, which I make here, that on strict empirical grounds the solipsist position is unassailable logically.

55 Rudyard Kipling's Ballad of East and West comes to mind: "Oh East is East and West is West/never the twain shall meet/'til Earth and Sky stand at God's great judgment seat!" It seems that the time has come for Oriental, Occidental, Middle Eastern, African and all other major cultures to meet - at least in philosophy.

56 William James's Varieties of Religious Experience points out "healthy-mindedness" and its fruits quite well.

57 This is reminiscent of Boethius's argument as recounted in Appendix C.

58 Moses Maimonides's Guide To The Perplexed, Part 1, chapter 73, proposition 10 states that if something should be admitted as evidence - no matter how originally or seemingly fantastic - if it is possible it leads to the discovery of truth.

59 Munz, Peter, When The Golden Bough Breaks (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1973) 55-101. This work puts a study of symbols within the framework of an analysis of structuralism and functionalism resulting in clarity. It's worthy read for those enjoying and/or studying the nature of myth. Myth is analysed in an interdisciplinary approach involving anthroplogy, history, philosophy, psychology and literary theory.

60 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (London:Routlage & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1986) 189. "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent."

61 Here is sadly my second misuse of the English language - simlar to Abelard's "quasi-things."

62 I.e., Scotus's argument that while all perceivers and referents of X may not exist, but the fact that X existed will always be true. This fact shall always be. Where does this fact exist if it is eternally true? It must be somewhere, if only in potential or as some echoing effect in the universe.

63 Another way of putting the query has since come up: if identity or suchness neither is nor is not, what is that which is common in nature or substance? This thesis asserts that universals are common, natural, conceptual, symbolic, and ideal.

By Todd Rossman ©updated 18 Oct. 1997

	Footnotes [clicking on number returns to thesis]
	1Plato, The Collected Dialogues of Plato: Including the Letters, ed. Edit Hamilton, H. Cairns, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, Bollington Series LXXI, 1978) Parmenides, 924-931; Aristotle, Book Zeta., 1038b1- 1039b20. 2An enthymeme is an argument or truncated syllogism in which one or more propositions, usually a premise, is not stated but understood. 3Jorge L. Borges, Labyrinths: Selected Stories and Other Writing, ed. A Yates and J.E.Irby, tr. J.E. Irby.(New York: New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1964) 28. 4Raja Ram Dravid, The Problem of Universals in Indian Philosophy, (New Dehli: Motilal Banarsidas, 1972) This is the most complete overview of Indian, Buddhist and Western treatments of the problem of universals I have ever encountered and deserves further study and recognition. 5Aldous Huxley, The Perennial Philosophy, (Grand Rapids: Harper & Row, Pub., Inc., 1990) vii. "...the phrase first coined by Liebnitz; but the thing - indicating that metaphysic that recognizes a divine Reality substantial to the world of things and lives and minds...is immemorial and universal.?" 6The Consolation Of Philosophy is still considered a classic, showing his tenacity and mettle. The "deadline" for his work was not final but terminal. It was written while awaiting execution by order of the mad king Theodoric, who once was his friend. 7Aristotle, Metaphysics; Book Lambda, 1071a19, 1078b30-32; as cited in Moody's A Short History of Medieval Philosophy, (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1974) 72-73. Unless otherwise noted, original source entries are reproduced from the above work. I relied heavily on his text - it gives me an excellent overview of the problem of universals and offers an excellent beginning point for musings about universals. 8Plato, 920-956. A rarity occurs throughout the whole work Socrates is seemingly confounded by the elder Master Parmenides. 9Aristotle, Book Zeta, 1038b1-1039b20. 10 See footnote 7. 11 Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 1, 73, ?Alexander of Aphrodisias?, A.C. Lloyd. The paraphrasing of Lloyd?s essay is mine. 12 Dodds, Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety, 93. Dodds notes original citation and sources. 13 Dodds, Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety , 94. 14 Inge, vol. II, 132, (Enneads, 3.8.9). 15 Dodds, Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety, 86-87. 16 Inge, The Philosophy of Plotinus, (New York: Greenwood Press, Pub., 1968) 77. 17 Plotinus, 408,(V.5.6). 18 E.A. Moody, The Logic of William of Ockam, (New York: Russell & Russell, Inc., New York, 1965) 66-117. Moody contends that Porphyry misunderstood Aristotle's intention "...to find a basis for demonstration and for science which would be distinct from, and prior to, the synthetic operations of discursive thinking." p.67. Even so, the problem of universals, as a bona fida question, calls for a philosophical response and/or answer. I take up this challenge. 19 Henry Chadwick, Boethius: The Consolations of Music, Logic, Theology and Philosophy, (Oxford: Claredon Press, 1981) 121-123. Please see Appendix to 20 Moody, 15-16. 21 Moody, 67. Moody contends that Porphyry misunderstood Aristotle?s intention "...to find a basis for demonstration and for science which would be distinct from, and prior to, the synthetic operations of discursive thinking." p.67. Even so, the problem of universals, as a bona fida question, calls for a philosophical response and/or answer. I take up its challenge. 22 Chadwick, 123. 23 Moody, 15. 24 Weinberg, 58. 25 See Appendix C: "Boethius's Attempt to Solve the Problem of Universals". Somewhere over the years I outlined Boethius's line of argumentation, believing it to be a crucial point in the treatment of universals. Note Boethius's use of number and correspondence to disclude universals from having a spatiotemporal existence. 26 Weinberg, 72-73 27 Weinberg, 79. 28 Dodds, Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety, 100. 29 Dodds intro. to Proclus, The Elements Of Theology, trans. E.R.Dodds, xx. 30 Dodds intro. to Proclus's The Elements of Theology, xxii. 31 Dodds, intro. to Proclus's The Elements of Theology, (see Iamblicus's de mysteriis II.11) xx. 32 Dodds, intro. to Proclus, x. 33 Proclus, The Elements of Theology, 39 (Prop. 35). 34 Dodds's intro. to Proclus, xxvii. 35 Weinberg, 58. 36 Weinberg, 10. 37 Chadwick, 146-147. There is evidence that suggests that Boethius inherits this diagram from Aristotle through Ammonius and Porphyry. 38 Inge, 99-100, 243. 39 Dodds, Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety, 13. 40 Dodds, The Elements of Theology, intro. xxvii. 41 Inge, 112. 42 Bett, Henry, Johannes Scotus Erigena, (New York: Russel & Russel, Inc.,1964) first pub., Cambridge Univ.Press, 1925; 47,51. 43 Bett, 47. 44 Weinberg, 74. 45 Weinberg, p.88. 46 Schoedinger, The Problem Of Universals, (N. Jersey: Humanities Press International, Inc.: 1992) chap. 28, 346. 47 Weinberg, 239 48 Ibid. 253-254. 49 Ibid., 242. 50 Hegel, Logic, trans. William Wallace, (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1985) 125-136, Z86-Z91. 51 Speech given at the APA meeting held Dec. 30, 1988 in Washington D.C.. at the Sheraton Inn and attended by the author. 52 Encyclopedia Catholica, "Magic," vol. 13, 65-67. It is interesting to see this world-view or belief system subsume science under the category of a specified 'magic' and control over nature. 53 As "that individual" Kierkegaard once wrote. 54 Stace, W.T.., The Theory of Knowledge (Oxford, 1932) His argument in this book rests upon the claim, which I make here, that on strict empirical grounds the solipsist position is unassailable logically. 55 Rudyard Kipling's Ballad of East and West comes to mind: "Oh East is East and West is West/never the twain shall meet/'til Earth and Sky stand at God's great judgment seat!" It seems that the time has come for Oriental, Occidental, Middle Eastern, African and all other major cultures to meet - at least in philosophy. 56 William James's Varieties of Religious Experience points out "healthy-mindedness" and its fruits quite well. 57 This is reminiscent of Boethius's argument as recounted in Appendix C. 58 Moses Maimonides's Guide To The Perplexed, Part 1, chapter 73, proposition 10 states that if something should be admitted as evidence - no matter how originally or seemingly fantastic - if it is possible it leads to the discovery of truth. 59 Munz, Peter, When The Golden Bough Breaks (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1973) 55-101. This work puts a study of symbols within the framework of an analysis of structuralism and functionalism resulting in clarity. It's worthy read for those enjoying and/or studying the nature of myth. Myth is analysed in an interdisciplinary approach involving anthroplogy, history, philosophy, psychology and literary theory. 60 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (London:Routlage & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1986) 189. "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent." 61 Here is sadly my second misuse of the English language - simlar to Abelard's "quasi-things." 62 I.e., Scotus's argument that while all perceivers and referents of X may not exist, but the fact that X existed will always be true. This fact shall always be. Where does this fact exist if it is eternally true? It must be somewhere, if only in potential or as some echoing effect in the universe. 63 Another way of putting the query has since come up: if identity or suchness neither is nor is not, what is that which is common in nature or substance? This thesis asserts that universals are common, natural, conceptual, symbolic, and ideal.
	By Todd Rossman ©updated 18 Oct. 1997